The human body naturally has mechanisms that one never realizes are present and functioning.

Among the thousands of examples, we can mention blinking, narrowing and widening of the pupil, breathing, feeling of repulsion, and so on. When one of these mechanisms is disrupted, then one realizes their important role in the health and normal functioning of the body.

It must have occurred to you that when you have a sore throat and normal swallowing of saliva becomes a torment for you, so will you realize how important this simple and natural task, which we never pay attention to can be.

One of these cases is the role of saliva in digestion and speech and the health of oral tissues, the absence or deficiency of saliva which leads to serious complications, which are generally referred to as dry mouth or xerostomia.

Before discussing dry mouth, let’s talk a little about saliva function. Saliva is secreted into the oral cavity from three pairs of main salivary, sublingual, and submandibular salivary glands and thousands of secondary salivary glands.

In adults, 1.5 liters of saliva is produced per day, a very small amount of which is related to bedtime. Apart from softening food for easy swallowing and digestion, saliva has important protective functions.

Saliva flushes bacteria from the oral cavity and at the same time directly kills bacteria due to the enzymes and antibodies in its composition. The compounds in saliva re-mineralize early-stage caries and facilitate speech. Therefore, saliva plays a vital role in dental health, prevention of tooth decay, and gum disease.

There are a number of reasons why a person may experience a decrease in saliva and dry mouth. An uncommon cause of developmental and congenital problems in the salivary glands. But as common causes of this problem should be a variety of systemic diseases such as anemia, diabetes, AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus.

At the same time, any condition that increases dehydration, such as diarrhea and vomiting, can lead to dry mouth. At the same time, anxiety and stress cause dry mouth according to the physiological function of the body. The next most common reason is several medications that can lead to such conditions.

Medications are naturally used for treatment, and it may be difficult to distinguish whether the dry mouth is caused by a disease or is a side effect of medications. The results of a study show that more than 1,500 different types of drugs can cause dry mouth.

The most popular of these drugs are antihistamines such as diphenhydramine and chlorpheniramine, anticonvulsants such as pseudoephedrine, antidepressants such as amitriptyline, and imipramine, phenothiazine derivatives used to treat mental illness, and various antihypertensive drugs. , Anti-Parkinson drugs, parasympathetic inhibitors such as atropine, and anti-cancer drugs.

Another cause of dry mouth is cervical radiotherapy to treat malignant and deadly cancers in these areas.

Apart from all the above, smoking is also a common factor in reducing saliva and dry mouth. Many see aging as a cause of dry mouth, but research shows that the two are not directly related.

But at the same time, many of the diseases and problems described above are more common in old age. For this reason, dry mouth is more common in the elderly, but the aging process itself does not cause dry mouth.

Unfortunately, dry mouth is a common disease, and these patients, who often have multiple physical problems, have to deal with additional problems such as dry mouth. In these patients, saliva is clearly low and the remaining saliva appears foamy and thick. In these patients, the tongue is smooth and red and has no villi.

The oral mucosa is so dry that the dentist’s gloves may stick to the mucosal surfaces and cause sores when removed. Sometimes due to dry mucus, chewing, swallowing and talking are difficult and the patient complains of food sticking to his mouth or lips sticking to his teeth.

Candidiasis (thrush) is common in patients with dry mouth due to decreased antimicrobial activity and salivary clearance. These patients have difficulty understanding the taste of food and often have bad breath.

At the same time, the occurrence of widespread and rapidly progressing caries is very common in patients with dry mouth, and if dental treatments are not prevented and extremely careful oral hygiene is not done properly, these cavities quickly destroy the patient’s teeth and can cause infections. Be dangerous in the head and neck area and add a serious problem to the patient’s problems.

Treatment of dry mouth is unfortunately a difficult and sometimes unsuccessful task, but there are several treatments, at least to reduce the problem of patients. The first method is continuous water consumption. Water is the best alternative to saliva. The patient can drink water whenever he feels dry mouth. But the problem is that one must always have a bottle full of water with us.

Another way is to eat saliva-stimulating foods before eating. But the most common way is to take saliva stimulants (sialagogue). The most common of these drugs is pilocarpine.

These medications are taken at regular intervals as prescribed by the doctor or dentist and increase salivation. At the same time, decisive health measures should be taken to solve the problem of caries in patients.

What factors affect the beauty of a smile?

One of the factors that have a great impact on the beauty of a person’s smile is the location of the jaws relative to each other. The mandible is usually located behind or inside the maxilla, and the maxillary teeth are located in front of the mandibular teeth. If the upper jaw is abnormally behind its normal position compared to the lower jaw or, conversely, is far ahead of its normal position, it creates an unsightly form in the smile. These problems can be solved by referring to an oral and maxillofacial surgeon and performing orthognathic and orthodontic surgery to adjust the teeth to the new condition, thus correcting the smile of these people.

This aspect of beauty concerning the gums includes the following:
The color of the gums
The amount of visible gums
Curvature of the gums

The color of natural gums is beautiful and pink, and the gums that are out of normal and inflamed, have a red and delicate appearance. Inflamed gums usually return to normal with scaling treatment.

Sometimes the gums are naturally born with pigments that take their color out of their natural pink state. Today, such discoloration can be removed with the help of lasers.

In some people, large amounts of gums become visible when smiling. This form of smile is called a gummy smile. Gingival smile is a condition in which, when smiling, the upper lip goes too high above the upper teeth and exposes the gums. This condition causes an unpleasant smile.

One of the causes of this condition is muscle hyperactivity that raises the upper lip. Sometimes, having a narrow upper lip intensifies the gingival smile and makes the problem worse by making the upper gum more prominent. This type of gingival smile can be easily and effectively treated by injecting Botox gel into the upper lip muscle area. This substance reduces the activity of the muscle that raises the upper lip.

Other causes of gingival smile are the small and square shape of the teeth and the large amount of them covered by the gums. In this case, with cosmetic gum surgery or crown lengthening surgery, a person’s smile can be corrected.

The contour or curvature of the gums of the six anterior (front) teeth of the upper jaw plays an important role in the beauty of the smile. The gingival contour is usually called the gingival zenith. To ensure the beauty of the gums, the margins or edges of the gums of the two front incisors should be flush. At the same time, the gingival margins of these two teeth should be slightly higher than the two lateral incisors and flush with the canines. The gingival margins of the lateral incisors are 2-0.5 mm lower than the middle incisors and fangs.

If such a balance is not established, cosmetic gingival surgery can correct and balance the edges of the gums.

In general, the closer this asymmetry is to the midline of the two front teeth, the more noticeable it will be. As a result, the posterior teeth will need to be less symmetrical. But the symmetry of the contours of the two incisors is always necessary.

Micro static beautification covers everything that makes teeth look like teeth. These include:

Primary anatomical features and secondary anatomical details are the most important of these, which are specific to each tooth and their reconstruction is very important, especially in the anterior teeth, which are more visible in the smile design.

It is the ratio of the length to the width of the tooth that determines its overall shape.

If the shape and all the anatomical features of the tooth are ideal, but the teeth are not the right color, bleaching treatment can be used to improve the color. And when both the color and the shape of the teeth need to be changed, depending on the condition of the teeth, treatments such as composite veneers, ceramic laminates and in some cases veneers are used.

The previous three aspects of influencing smile design focused on just one case. It looks like the camera is zooming in and we can only see one thing in close-up. But in macrostatic beauty it is as if the camera is moving away from the subject and we see a more general view. This means that the macrostatic beauty manifests itself when considering several teeth side by side.

In other words, the totality of the teeth in the gingival frames and in relation to the patient’s face creates a three-dimensional image. Now in this 3D image, what matters is how the elements are arranged.

If the teeth are very beautiful and colorful and anatomical but not properly aligned, this irregularity will affect the whole image of the smile. Like a person whose individual teeth are beautiful in terms of color and shape, but the same teeth do not create a beautiful smile when placed together due to irregularity.

The most important treatment for this aspect of beauty is orthodontic treatment.

What principles make a smile more beautiful?

In a beautiful smile, symmetry on both sides of the midline of the face is very important.

The two maxillary incisors should be symmetrical in size, length and shape.

Horizontal Alignment: Ideally, the smile line should be level and parallel to the horizon line.

Smile Line: When smiling, the edges of the upper teeth should follow the curved line created by the lower lip.

Width: In a slim smile, the posterior (posterior) teeth are often in the shadow, forming dark triangles in the corners of the mouth. A wider smile allows the ideal amount of teeth to be seen from front to back, which makes the smile more attractive.

Gum line: The gum line connects the highest points on the gingival surface of the maxillary teeth (gingival zenith). This line should be symmetrical on both sides of the mouth. Ideally, this line can follow the upper lip line, which allows a very small amount of gums to be seen, or the upper lip can be placed where a small amount of gums, about 2 mm, can be seen.

Golden Proportion: The golden ratio that exists in nature and in works of art is also present in a beautiful smile. This golden ratio exists between the widths of a human anterior tooth (if viewed from the front) as well as the length-to-width ratio of a normal anterior tooth. When a person’s smile is seen from the front, the width of each front tooth is 60% of the width of the adjacent tooth. For example, the mathematical ratio between the middle incisors, lateral incisors, and canines is 0.6-1-1.6. Observing this ratio is very effective in restoring the smile and its beauty.

Incisal Edge Configuration: In a young smile, this shape is irregular, while in older people, it has a flatter appearance.

Angles: Inter-edge angles are small triangular spaces between the edges of teeth. The presence of these spaces gives a more natural look to the smile.

Lips: Lips for teeth are like a frame for an image. Lip symmetry can help make a smile ideal.

Healthy Gums: The gum tissue should be firm and light pink with no swelling or bleeding.

You can do nothing to get your baby’s teeth out, but you can reduce the pain and discomfort for your beloved baby. Here are some tips that can help:

Give your baby something to chew. Give her a wet towel that you have already refrigerated.

Give your baby cold food. Giving your children cold foods such as apple puree (mashed apple) or yogurt can help reduce the pain and discomfort of his gums.

Massage the baby’s gums. After washing your hands, gently but firmly massage her gums with your fingers. This pressure can greatly relieve the pressure that the baby feels due to the teeth sprouting.

If none of these methods work, your doctor may recommend using acetaminophen drops for infants to reduce pain and inflammation.

Over-the-counter medications such as anesthetic gels and creams that numb the baby’s gums and relieve toothache are not recommended for children under 2 years of age, so avoid taking these medications arbitrarily and use them only under a doctor’s supervision. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and other experts warn that topical anesthetics containing benzocaine can cause methemoglobinemia; A rare but dangerous condition in which the amount of oxygen in the blood drops dramatically and dangerously low.

When your baby is teething, you should keep his or her growing gums and teeth clean. As soon as his teeth come out, brush them twice a day with a baby-sized toothbrush or a baby toothbrush – and a very small amount of toothpaste. Ask your doctor or dentist about using fluoride toothpaste. When your child is two years old, increase the amount of toothpaste.

If your child has multiple teeth and you cannot brush all of them, it is time to floss. Try to use colorful floss teeth for children to make it easier for you and your baby.

Never put your baby to sleep with a bottle of milk in his mouth; unless the milk glass is full of water. The sugars in powdered milk and even breast milk accumulate on her teeth overnight and can lead to tooth decay from glass of milk, also called bottle rot.

Another way to avoid this situation and reduce the chance of tooth decay is to try to give milk with a cup instead of a bottle. It is best to do this around the age of one so that he can drink more easily from a cup of milk. You should also avoid straw glasses, as they, like milk bottles, expose the teeth to the sugar in the milk for a long time, thus increasing the chance of tooth decay in the baby.

A six-month-old baby check-up is a good time to ask your baby’s doctor if he or she needs a fluoride supplement. These supplements are in the form of fluoride drops and help prevent tooth decay in babies, but are only necessary if the fluoride concentration in your drinking water is below the allowable level. Also, ask your doctor to examine your baby’s teeth.
Around the age of one, you should take your child to the dentist for a checkup. Of course, if your baby’s doctor feels that his or her teeth are likely to decay, you may need to take your baby to the dentist a little earlier, six months after his or her first tooth came out or until he or she is one year old, whichever is earlier.

At around 18 months, you can gradually teach your baby how to brush his teeth. You need to help her with this because she does not yet have the skills and concentration to use a toothbrush properly.

You do not have to brush your baby teeth in a certain direction, just try to get food particles out of the teeth. If your child does not like the taste of toothpaste, try another type.

Try not to give your child too many sweets and chocolates. When he eats a lot of sweets (for example, at a birthday party), be sure to brush his teeth immediately after eating them.
If you have not seen any signs of teething until your baby is 18 months old, talk to your doctor or dentist. Premature babies may erupt a few months later than normal babies.

Also, if your baby has all the symptoms of teething – excessive runny mouth, swollen gums – but also seems to be experiencing severe and unusual pain (intense crying that never subsides is a sign of pain) Contact your doctor. Teething should not be a difficult and painful process for the baby.

Your baby’s baby teeth will not fall out until your baby’s permanent teeth are ready to come out of the gums. Baby teeth usually start to fall out around the age of six.

The third (molar) is called the wisdom tooth. The reason for naming this tooth as wisdom tooth is the vegetative age of this tooth, which can occur from about 17 years old. There are 4 wisdom teeth in the upper and lower jaws, the last teeth are in the maxillary arch.

Wisdom teeth can be grown, semi-impacted or fully impacted, and may not even exist at all, or there may be more than one wisdom tooth on each side. The growth of wisdom teeth requires sufficient space in the jawbone, and if there is not enough space in the human jaw, the tooth shows itself in a latent or semi-latent shape. Occasionally, for inherited reasons, childhood diseases (anemia, rickets), misalignment of jaw bone growth with the size of the teeth, and these teeth remain inside the jaw. Part of their crown may also appear incompletely in the mouth, in which case it is called a semi-impacted wisdom tooth. The absence of wisdom teeth is one or more examples of hypodontia.

Wisdom tooth decay: Rotten wisdom teeth can be repaired or filled if they are in the right position in the mouth. But if the position of the wisdom tooth is not right, it is better to pull it before it gets on the nerve, because in any case, you can not hold that tooth in the end.

One of the most common questions is whether or not you need wisdom tooth extraction or dental surgery.

Wisdom teeth, if they grow in the right position, are as useful and effective as other teeth, and despite popular misconceptions, they should not be extracted in these cases, but this condition occurs less frequently and the growth of wisdom teeth is often associated with problems. Even if the teeth grow properly, they will rot due to their location and lack of proper access to maintain better hygiene. It is believed that the pressure caused by these teeth may cause irregularities in the row of teeth that have not been scientifically proven.

But those who want to extract wisdom teeth in adulthood and even old age should know that at this age they may face the following complications:

• The roots of wisdom teeth are definitely thicker at older ages, which is why extraction is associated with more pain and suffering.

• The area will take longer to heal after the extraction period.

Congratulations! Your baby’s baby teeth have fallen out. The mission of this small tooth in the oral cavity is over. A small, rootless tooth crown in your hands. Many parents mistakenly think those baby teeth have such an appearance from the beginning, so they face many questions during dental treatment. This week we will look at the characteristics of baby teeth and the structures that are hidden from parents.

When the deciduous teeth are complete, there are 20 teeth inside the oral cavity, including 8 anterior and maxillary anterior teeth, 4 canines, and 8 deciduous molars. All the components that are in permanent teeth are also present in deciduous teeth. The constituents in the enamel crown part are dentin and crown nerve and in cement root part, dentin and root nerve are.

The anterior teeth and canines have one root and the posterior teeth have two to three roots.

The average length of deciduous teeth is between 10 and 15 mm. These roots decompose slowly and slowly throughout the child’s life, and when the root is completely decomposed, it is time for the baby tooth to fall out and the permanent tooth to be replaced.

Cavities in a child’s teeth initially involve the analysis of small spots in the enamel. If the necessary treatments are not given to the child at this stage, the cavities will gradually spread and penetrate the dentin. At this stage, the child may feel pain in the area of ​​the decayed tooth. If not done at this stage, the cavities will progress and spread to the nerve of the deciduous tooth.

Infiltration of tooth decay into the area of ​​the deciduous nerve is usually associated with severe pain and discomfort in the child, although in some cases due to the slow progression the child may have no symptoms of pain and the dentist can detect the decay of tooth decay by radiography. Delayed stage may occur due to microbial interactions of the infected tooth nerve and dental abscess and removal of pus from the gums of the affected tooth.

If tooth decay has progressed to the level of enamel and dentin, treatment is needed to repair the tooth. These restorations are performed at the discretion of the dentist with composite materials (tooth-colored materials) or amalgam (silver-colored materials). In the event of extensive destruction of the deciduous crown, stainless steel veneers for children may be used. The choice of restoration type should be left entirely to the dentist because in many cases restoration with a specific type of material may not be possible or appropriate for your child’s teeth.

Primary teeth should remain in the oral cavity until a certain age. This age is about 6 to 7 years for anterior teeth and about 9 to 12 years for canines and posterior teeth.
Therefore, in addition to the important role in the nutrition of the child, the preservation of these teeth is essential for the proper growth of alternative teeth.